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North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), the return flow component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), is a major inter-hemispheric ocean water mass with strong climate effects but the evolution of its source components on million-year timescales is poorly known. Today, two major NADW components that flow southward over volcanic ridges to the east and west of Iceland are associated with distinct contourite drift systems that are forming off the coast of Greenland and on the eastern flank of the Reykjanes (mid-Atlantic) Ridge. Here we provide direct records of the early history of this drift sedimentation based on cores collected during International Ocean Discovery Programme (IODP) Expeditions 395C and 395. We find rapid acceleration of drift deposition linked to the eastern component of NADW, known as Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water at 3.6 million years ago (Ma). In contrast, the Denmark Strait Overflow Water feeding the western Eirik Drift has been persistent since the Late Miocene. These observations constrain the long-term evolution of the two NADW components, revealing their contrasting independent histories and allowing their links with climatic events such as Northern Hemisphere cooling at 3.6 Ma, to be assessed. 

turnovers culminating in the so-called End-Triassic Extinction. We attribute onset of this interval of declining diversity to unusually high volcanic activity at the Norian/Rhaetian boundary (NRB) that may have initiated the stepwise extinctions of the Late Triassic [1]. We correlate the initiation of a rapid decline in 87Sr/86Sr and 187Os/188Os seawater values [2, 3] to a negative organic carbon isotope shift, which we attribute to volcanogenic CO2 outgassing to the ocean-atmosphere system by the Angayucham large igneous province (LIP). By studying the geochemical and isotope composition of bulk rocks from different sections located at different latitudes, sides of the Pangea continent and Hemispheres, we documented an accelerated chemical weathering due to global warming by elevated CO2, which enhanced nutrient discharge to the oceans and thus greatly increased biological productivity; higher export production and oxidation of organic matter led to oceanic dysoxia to anoxia at the NRB. Biotic consequences of these climatic and environmental changes include severe extinctions of several fossil groups, such as ammonoids, bivalves and radiolarians, as has been documented worldwide [1]. 

Abstract By studying deep‐sea drilled records from the North Atlantic Ocean, several magnetic instabilities of short duration, such as the Iceland Basin (188 ka), the Björn (1,255 ka) and the Gardar (1,460 ka) excursions, were discovered. These records have contributed to our understanding of Earth's magnetic field and are the foundation of the Geomagnetic Instability Time Scale (GITS) in the Quaternary. Here, we present the magnetostratigraphy from Sites U1555 (0 to ∼2.7 Ma) and U1563 (0 to ∼5.2 Ma) drilled during the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 395C on the eastern side of the modern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (∼60°N, 20–30°W). Shipboard paleomagnetic and microfossil data provided a preliminary age model, extending the regional record to 3.4 Ma. The Virtual Geomagnetic Pole latitudes from archive halves, corroborated with data from discrete samples, were used to build a high‐resolution magnetostratigraphy, which contained the expected Brunhes and Matuyama Chrons and their respective Subchrons. We also identified most of the magnetic events reported in the GITS, including the less well‐documented ones, such as Osaka, Kamitzukara, Huckleberry Ridge, Reunion, Gardar, Halawa and L4 events. The high‐resolution magnetostratigraphy from Sites U1555 and U1563 is compared with two previous legacy sites and contributes toward an increasingly robust GITS, expanding its use as a correlation and dating tool.